Families For Life | Anxiety: Children and Teenagers with Autism Spectrum Disorder
Anxiety is a normal part of children’s development, but children and teenagers with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) can experience anxiety more intensely and more often than other children. It can help to get your child to notice anxious feelings and use strategies for managing anxiety.
Anxiety or autism spectrum disorder?
Children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) feel many of the same worries and fears as other children.
But when children and teenagers with ASD get worried or anxious, the way they show their anxiety can look a lot like common characteristics of ASD – stimming (repetitive self-stimulating behaviour), obsessive and ritualistic behaviour and resistance to changes in routine.
Reducing a child’s anxiety might reduce the behaviour associated with the core characteristics of ASD, but it won’t get rid of these characteristics or behaviour.
How anxiety affects children and teenagers with autism spectrum disorder
The world can be a confusing place for children and teenagers with ASD.
They might find social or unfamiliar situations overwhelming and hard to understand. They often have difficulty working out what another person might be thinking or feeling, or how that person might react. As a result, people and situations can seem unpredictable, which can make children feel stressed and anxious.
On top of that, children and teenagers with ASD, especially younger children, might have trouble telling you that they’re feeling anxious. Instead, you might notice an increase in challenging behaviour.
For example, your anxious child might:
insist even more on routine and sameness
have more trouble sleeping
have meltdowns or temper tantrums
avoid or withdraw from social situations
rely more on obsessions and rituals, like lining up or spinning objects
stim by rocking, spinning or flapping hands
do things to hurt herself, like head-banging, scratching the skin or hand-biting.
Reducing anxiety and managing anxiety for your child with autism spectrum disorder
Anxiety is a natural part of life and something that everyone experiences at some stage.
You’ll never be able to get rid of everything that causes anxiety or stress for your child with ASD. Even if you could, it wouldn’t be helpful for him. But there are some things you can do to help ease your child’s worries, and encourage him to manage his own anxiety levels.
Find out what makes your child anxious
Because children and teenagers with ASD can have trouble with understanding and communicating emotions, you might need to read your child’s signals and work out what makes her feel anxious or stressed.
Some of the common triggers for anxiety in children with ASD include:
changes in routine – for example, a weekly piano lesson gets cancelled because the teacher is sick
changes in environment – for example, furniture in your home gets moved, there’s new play equipment at the nearby park, or you move house
unfamiliar social situations – for example, a birthday party at an unfamiliar house
sensory sensitivities – for example, sensitivities to particular noises, bright lights, specific flavours or food textures
fear of a particular situation, activity or object – for example, sleeping in their own bed, going to the toilet, balloons or vacuum cleaners.
Once you’ve worked out some of the things that make your child feel anxious, it can help to make a list of them, so that you can find ways to help your child manage these situations.
Give your child lots of opportunities to practise dealing with these things and situations in safe environments.
It helps if other people who look after your child – for example, child care workers, teachers and family members – also know what makes your child feel anxious and what they can do to help him with managing anxiety in these situations.
Help your child recognise anxious feelings
Your child might need to be taught what anxiety is and what it feels like in her body. For example, when she feels anxious her palms get sweaty, her heart beats faster, and her hands flap.
You could try drawing an outline of a person’s body. Inside the outline, help your child draw or write what happens in each part of his body when he feels scared or worried.
Use relaxation and calming strategies
Your child might also need to learn what she can do to calm down. You can help your child come up with a toolbox of ways to help herself calm down when she starts feeling anxious or stressed. These might be:
counting slowly to 10
taking five deep breaths
running around the park
doing 50 jumps on the trampoline
looking at a collection of favourite or special things
reading a favourite book
closing eyes for a few moments
going to a quiet part of the house
Get your child to practise these strategies when he’s calm. Once he knows the strategies well, you can gently guide him to try them when he feels anxious.
Use visual techniques
Children and teenagers with ASD are often visual learners. This means that visual timetables, Social Stories™, picture schedules or photographs of themselves in certain situations can help them know what to expect.
For example, if your child gets anxious when you drop her off at school, you could take some photos of what you’ll be doing while you’re not together. You could include photos of you driving home, grocery shopping and so on, as well as a clear picture of you coming back to pick her up. You could also have photos of what your child will be doing – walking in the school gate, sitting in the classroom, playing sport, eating lunch and so on.
If your child gets anxious when there’s a change in routine, daily or weekly visual schedules can help prepare him. When you know a change is coming up – for example, no swimming lessons in the school holidays – you can show this on your schedule. Leading up to the change, look at the schedule regularly with your child so that he knows the weekly routine will be different.
Some children find it helpful to be warned about a change or an event a day in advance. Some like to know a week in advance. But for some, too much warning can mean they worry until the event happens.
Rehearse stressful situations
Preparation is the key for some children with ASD and anxiety. Rehearsing or practising situations that your child finds stressful can help her understand the situation in a visual way, with the addition of physical preparation as well.
For example, if going to the hairdresser makes your child feel anxious, you could try taking him for a practice run. You could ask the hairdresser if you could come at a time of day when it’s quiet and calm, then go through the steps with him. Or perhaps he could watch someone else get their hair cut.
If your child gets anxious in social situations you could practise these together. You could practise different situations and take turns playing different roles. Try to keep the scenarios short and simple, and encourage and praise your child.
Other parents often have great practical ideas about everyday life with a child with ASD. You can chat with other parents on online forums about managing your child’s anxiety.
Getting help with managing your child’s anxiety
A psychologist might be able to help if your child with ASD is very anxious. Psychologists have specialised training in mental health conditions, and can work directly with your child and family to develop strategies for reducing anxiety.
Psychologists use a range of approaches, including:
cognitive behaviour therapy – this helps children develop skills to change their thinking in situations that make them anxious
interventions using gradual exposure to help children face their fears – for example, the stepladder approach
Social Stories™ – these can help prepare children for unfamiliar or stressful situations that generally make them anxious
relaxation training to help your child learn to relax.
Mental health occupational therapists are another option to help your child with managing anxiety.
You can ask your General Practitioner (GP) or pediatrician to recommend a psychologist or therapist.
Medication can also help reduce anxiety symptoms in children with ASD. It’s usually recommended only when anxiety is affecting a child’s everyday life and behaviour strategies haven’t reduced the anxiety enough. You can speak to your GP or pediatrician about this option.
Stepladder approach
Start with a situation that causes your child the least anxiety. Sometimes you might need to put your child in this situation a few times until he feels comfortable with it.
Move on to another situation that makes your child feel a bit more anxious. Again, go through it a few times until your child can handle it.
Gradually move through more and more challenging situations.
© raisingchildren.net.au, translated and adapted with permission
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